inner strenth

Never Give Up

look at yourself

Motivational video

more on analysis

grep
 ♥    It is a UNIX command to filter a file.
♥    The name comes from “search globally for lines matching the regular
 expression and print them”
♥    grep takes a regular expression on the command line, reads the
standard input or list of files, and outputs the lines containing matches
for the regular expression

grep “@” file1.txt > file2.txt 

Example 1

In the trace file, if you are intersted only in data concerning tcp packtes that went from node 0 to node 2

grep “0 2 tcp” tr1.tr > tr2.tr 

Example 2

In the trace file, if you are interested only in the received packets

grep “^r” tr1.tr > tr2.tr 

Example 3
In the trace file, if you are intersted only in lines the begin with “s” and have “tcp 1020” later

grep “^s” tr1.tr | grep “tcp 1020” > tr2.tr

AWK 

♥    AWK is a general purpose computer language
♥    AWK is designed for processing text-based data, either in files or data streams

♥    The name AWK is derived from the surnames of its authors — Alfred Aho,
Peter Weinberger, and Brian Kernighan;

How to run AWK file?

                                     awk -f file1.awk file2.txt
awk -f file1.awk file2.txt > out.txt

    file1.awk :    is a command file
file2.txt :       is a primary input file
out.txt :        is an output file 

  BEGIN { action }
Executes action commands at the beginning of the script execution,
  END { action }
Executes action commands after the end of input.
  /pattern/
Prints any lines matching pattern.
  { action }
Executes action for each line in the input. 
Example 4

{ print $1 }

Example 5

                BEGIN { FS = “\t” }
               { nl++ }
               { s=s+$4 }
                END { print “average = ” s/nl }

FS : is the Field Separator.
OFS : is the Output Field Separator  
Example 6
               { w += NF; c += length}
END { print NR, w, c }
It prints the number of lines, number of words and number of characters in the file. 
 Example 7

AWK supports associative arrays 
              BEGIN { FS=”[^azAZ]+”}
{     for (i=1; i<=NF; i++)
words[tolower($i)]++
}
END {   for (i in words)
print i, words[i]
}
It gets the frequencies of the words.
Example 8
Functions in AWK

                  function Square (number, temp) {
temp = number * number
return temp
}
                  .
.
.
.
print Square(9)              # Prints 81 

# This program is used to calculate the packet loss rate between nodes 1,2 for     the application having the flow id = 2 BEGIN { # Initialization. fsDrops: packets drop. numFs: packets sent fsDrops = 0; numFs = 0; } { action = $1; time = $2; from = $3; to = $4; type = $5; pktsize = $6; flow_id = $8; src = $9; dst = $10; seq_no = $11; packet_id = $12; if (from==1 && to==2 && action == “+”) numFs++; if (flow_id==2 && action == “d”) fsDrops++; } END { printf(“number of packets sent:%d lost:%d\n”, numFs, fsDrops); }

Example 8:

Standard deviation

BEGIN {FS=”\t”} {ln++} {d=$2-t} {s2=s2=d*d} END {print “standev: ” sqrt (s2/ln)}

 /* command to run*/     awk -f  average.awk out.tr

 Example 9:

Array of calculating average and standard deviation

BEGIN { FS = “\t”} {val[n1]=$4} { n1++ } {s=s+$4} END {
av=s/n1
for (i in val) {
d=val[i]-av
s2=s2+d*d
}
print “average: ” av ” standev ” sqrt(s2/n1)}

Example 10

Adding Columns

BEGIN {FS=”\t”}{l1=$2+$3+$4}{l2=$5+$6+$7} \
{print $1″\t” l1″\t” l2″\t”} END {}

  /* command to run*/     awk -f  sumcolumn.awk out.tr > outfile

To use tool (i.e awk) to filter only interesting events
set tr [open "| awk -f filter.awk >out.tr" w]
    $ns trace-all $tr

    .if You are not interested in traces and only results (average, 
variation, distribution, count etc.)

   set tr [open "| awk -f my_measure_tool.awk >my_results.txt" w]
    $ns trace-all $tr

The below is a awk script to analyze several parameters (average e-2-e delay,
pdf, normalised routing load and dropped packets,..) for aodv old trace file
format.

BEGIN {

droppedAODVPackets=0;
sends=0;
recvs=0;

# highest packet id can be checked in the trace file for an approximate value
highest_packet_id =500000;
sum=0;
AODV_Adv=0;
}

{
   action = $1;
   time = $2;
   node_1 = $3;
   node_2 = $4;
   src = $5;

# For stand alone ad hoc trace files:
#   if ( packet_id > highest_packet_id ) highest_packet_id = packet_id;

# For wired- and cireless trace files.

      if ($5 =="cbr") {
      packet_id = $12;
      } else {
      packet_id = $6; 
      }

#============= CALCULATE DELAY   =========================================
   # getting start time is not a problem, provided you're not starting
   # traffic at 0.0.
   # could test for sending node_1_address or flow_id here.

 if ( start_time[packet_id] == 0 )  start_time[packet_id] = time;

   # only useful for small unicast where packet_id doesn't wrap.
   # checking receive means avoiding recording drops
   if ( action != "d" ) {
      if ( action == "r" ) {
       # could test for receiving node_2_address or flow_id here.
         end_time[packet_id] = time;
   }
   } else {
      end_time[packet_id] = -1;
   }
#============= CALCULATE PACKET DELIVERY FRACTION============================
# $3 = source node id , here I have 4 source nodes and start my analysis after
490 seconds of simulation  (when traffic started)
if (( $1 == "s") &&  ( $7 == "cbr" ) && ( $4
=="AGT" ) && ( ( $3== "_5_" )   || ( $3==
"_6_" )   ||  ($3=="_7_")  ||  ($3=="_8_")  
)&& ($2 > 490.00 )    ) {
      sends++;}

# $4 = destination node in wired segment of network. if you simulate ad hoc only
scenario the change $4 to $3 and %5 to $7.
if ( ( $1 == "r") &&  ( $5 == "cbr" ) && (
$4 == "0" ) && ($2 >  490.00 ) ) {
      recvs++;}

pdf = (recvs/sends)*100;

#==================== ADVERTISEMENTS ==================

if ( (($1=="f")  || ($1=="s") ) && ($4 ==
"RTR") && ($7 =="AODV" ) && ($2 > 490.00
) ) { 
AODV_Adv++;
}

#============= DROPPED AODV PACKETS ========================================
if ( ($1 == "D") && ($7=="cbr")  && ($2 >
490.00 ) ){
        droppedAODVBytes=droppedAODVBytes+$8 ;
        droppedAODVPackets=droppedAODVPackets+1;  
    }

}                                           
END {
    for ( packet_id = 0; packet_id <= highest_packet_id; packet_id++ ) {
       start = start_time[packet_id];
       end = end_time[packet_id];
       packet_duration = end - start;
   if ( start < end ) sum= packet_duration+sum;
}
delay=sum/recvs;

printf(" Average e-e delay: \t %f \n", delay);

printf(" normalised routing load \t %f \n ", AODV_Adv/recvs);

printf("No. of packets sent = %d \n", sends);
printf(" No. of packets received = %d \n", recvs);
printf(" Pdf (100%) = %f \n \n", pdf);

printf("No. of dropped data (packets) = %d \n ",droppedAODVPackets);
printf("No. of dropped data (bytes) = %d \n \n ",droppedAODVBytes);
printf("No. of aodv advertisements = %f \n ",AODV_Adv);
}

GREP FUNCTION: EASY SEARCH COMMAND

Friends,
     Now we are trying to explain a Linux command which helps you a lot in your researches. Its nothing but a simple command called as GREP. It is a powerful command which helps you to search a particular string or words from a file or from a folder and also in some cases it helps during trace file analysis.

SYNTAX

Here the syntax is;

grep <option> <string> <filename>

Here, this command search string within the file named as filename. If it is not given, then the command waits for the input from the keyboard and search for string.  For more about this Click here 

There are two important notes for <string>

• If it contains a white space,  embrace it with quotation marks ("")
• If it contains a special character such as “ or &, you can suppress it using backslashes (\” or \&)  to indication that this is a character

For example, If u need to search a word "apple" in a file named as word.txt. Then;

grep apple word.txt

In case of searching words in sub directories, Simply write as; 

                                                                      grep -r apple *

If you want to look a function is available with ns2 folder or not, simply you can search by using this command. For example if you want to find function  className::rt_resolve(ReturnType variableName)

You can find this function using grep:  grep -r ::rt_resolve( *

In case of searching a string with special character "&hdr_aodv", we can search it as;

 grep -r \&hdr_aodv *

if you’re interested only in the ns-2.35/aodv directory. Now ypu can search by using this:

grep rt_resolve aodv/*.*

Now you can filter the search by providing  the files extension along with the search.For example;

grep rt_resolve *.h  searches rt_resolve in .h files only.

While in the case of trace file analysis we can use it as follows;

cat out.tr | grep " 2 3 cbr " | grep ^r | column 1 10 | awk '{dif = $2 - old2; if(dif==0) dif = 1; if(dif > 0) {printf("%d\t%f\n", $2, ($1 - old1) / dif); old1 = $1; old2 = $2}}' > jitter.txt

This means that the "CBR packet receive" event at n3, selects time (column 1) and sequence number (column 10), and calculates the difference from last packet receive time divided by difference in sequence number (for loss packets) for each sequence number. i .e  for selecting particular value we can use this.

Protoname in ns2.35

This is an Implementation tutorial of new manet(Mobile Ad-hoc NETworks) unicast protocol name protoname.

The whole credit goes to Francisco J. Ros and Pedro M. Ruiz for their beautiful work and excellent explanation they provide. The link to their work is below. It contains a PDF file also which explains you in detail and I recommend you to go through it once.

List of files to be modified

• ~/ns-allinone-2.35/ns-2.35/common/packet.h
• ~/ns-allinone-2.35/ns-2.35/trace/cmu-trace.h
• ~/ns-allinone-2.35/ns-2.35/trace/cmu-trace.cc
• ~/ns-allinone-2.35/ns-2.35/tcl/lib/ns-packet.tcl
• ~/ns-allinone-2.35/ns-2.35/tcl/lib/ns-default.tcl 
• ~/ns-allinone-2.35/ns-2.35/tcl/lib/ns-lib.tcl
• ~/ns-allinone-2.35/ns-2.35/queue/priqueue.cc

 
** Note: Text in red is the part that is to be added or modified in given file and location and purple colour denotes the terminal commands.

** Note: mod stands for modification.

** Note: Line number is approx and is provided for your convenience. Please check the methods below and above before inserting.

Step 1:

download protoname.rar

http://www.cs.nccu.edu.tw/~g10031/protoname.rar

Extract the files and place them in ~/ns-allinone-2.35/ns-2.35/protoname directory(create the directory if not present)

Step 2:

gedit ~/ns-allinone-2.35/ns-2.35/common/packet.h (mods at 3 places)

• a.       its somewhere near line 200

static const packet_t PT_DCCP = 63;
static const packet_t PT_DCCP_REQ = 64;
static const packet_t PT_DCCP_RESP = 65;
static const packet_t PT_DCCP_ACK = 66;
static const packet_t PT_DCCP_DATA = 67;
static const packet_t PT_DCCP_DATAACK = 68;
static const packet_t PT_DCCP_CLOSE  = 69;
static const packet_t PT_DCCP_CLOSEREQ = 70;
static const packet_t PT_DCCP_RESET = 71;

        // M-DART packets
static const packet_t PT_MDART = 72;

        // insert new packet types here

static const packet_t PT_PROTONAME = 73;

static packet_t       PT_NTYPE = 74; // This MUST be the LAST one

• b. near line 250

static bool data_packet(packet_t type) {
return ( (type) == PT_TCP || \
        (type) == PT_TELNET || \
        (type) == PT_CBR || \
        (type) == PT_AUDIO || \
        (type) == PT_VIDEO || \
        (type) == PT_ACK || \
        (type) == PT_SCTP || \
        (type) == PT_SCTP_APP1 || \
        (type) == PT_HDLC || \  //(remember this mod also)
(type) == PT_PROTONAME \ 
       );

• c.      near line 422

static void initName()

{

                .....

                name_[PT_DCCP_REQ]="DCCP_Request";

name_[PT_DCCP_RESP]="DCCP_Response";

name_[PT_DCCP_ACK]="DCCP_Ack";

name_[PT_DCCP_DATA]="DCCP_Data";

name_[PT_DCCP_DATAACK]="DCCP_DataAck";

name_[PT_DCCP_CLOSE]="DCCP_Close";

name_[PT_DCCP_CLOSEREQ]="DCCP_CloseReq";

name_[PT_DCCP_RESET]="DCCP_Reset";

name_[PT_PROTONAME]="protoname"; 

name_[PT_NTYPE]= "undefined";

}

save and close.

Step 3:  

gedit ~/ns-allinone-2.35/ns-2.35/trace/cmu-trace.h (mod at 1 place)

• a. Near line 164.

class CMUTrace: public Trace {
public:
CMUTrace (const char * s, char t);
...
private:
char tracename [MAX_ID_LEN + 1];
int nodeColor [MAX_NODE];
...
void format_tora (Packet * p, int offset);
void format_imep (Packet * p, int offset);
void format_aodv (Packet * p, int offset);
/ / ----------------------------------------------
void format_protoname (Packet *p, int offset);
/ / ----------------------------------------------
void format_aomdv (Packet * p, int offset);
void format_mdart (Packet * p, int offset);

/ / This holds all the tracers added at run-time
static PacketTracer * pktTrc_;

};
# Endif / * __ cmu_trace__ * /

save and close.

Step 4:

gedit ~/ns-allinone-2.35/ns-2.35/trace/cmu-trace.cc (mods at 3 places)

• a. Add this line at start

#include <protoname/protoname_pkt.h>

• b. Near line 1168

void
CMUTrace :: format_mdart (Packet * p, int offset)  {
.........
........
........
}

void
CMUTrace::format_protoname(Packet *p, int offset)
{
    struct hdr_protoname_pkt* ph = HDR_PROTONAME_PKT(p);
    if (pt_->tagged())
    {
            sprintf(pt_->buffer() + offset, "-protoname:o %d -protoname:s %d -protoname:l %d ", ph->pkt_src(), ph->pkt_seq_num(), ph->pkt_len());
        }
    else if (newtrace_)
    {
            sprintf(pt_->buffer() + offset, "-P protoname -Po %d -Ps %d -Pl %d ", ph->pkt_src(), ph->pkt_seq_num(), ph->pkt_len());
        }
    else
    {
            sprintf(pt_->buffer() + offset, "[protoname %d %d %d] ", ph->pkt_src(), ph->pkt_seq_num(), ph->pkt_len());
        }
}

• c. Near line 1477

void CMUTrace :: format (Packet * p, const char * why)
{...
switch (ch-> ptype ()) {
case PT_MAC:
...
case PT_GAF:
case PT_PING:
break;
/ / --------------------------------------------
case PT_PROTONAME:
format_protoname(p, offset);
break;
/ / --------------------------------------------
default:
...
}

save and close.

Step 5:

gedit ~/ns-allinone-2.35/ns-2.35/tcl/lib/ns-packet.tcl  (mod at 1 place)

• a. Near line 172

# Mobility, Ad-Hoc Networks, Sensor Nets:
    AODV     # routing protocol for ad-hoc networks
    Protoname # new routing protocol for ad-hoc networks
    Diffusion     # diffusion/diffusion.cc
    IMEP     # Internet MANET Encapsulation Protocol, for ad-hoc

Save and close.

Step 6:

gedit ~/ns-allinone-2.35/ns-2.35/tcl/lib/ns-default.tcl  (mod at 1 place)

• a. Add at the last.

# Defaults defined for Protoname
Agent/Protoname set accessible_var_ true

save and close.

step 7:

gedit ~/ns-allinone-2.35/ns-2.35/tcl/lib/ns-lib.tcl  (mod at 2 places)

• a. Near line 671

switch-exact $ routingAgent_ {
...
ManualRtg {
set ragent [$ self create-manual-rtg-agent $
}
# / ------------------------------------------------ -
Protoname 
{
         set ragent [$self create-protoname-agent $node]
}
# / ------------------------------------------------ -
default {
...
}

---

• b. Near line 2278

Simulator instproc create-omnimcast-agent {node} {
...
}
# / ------------------------------------------------ -----
Simulator instproc create-protoname-agent {node} {
    # Create Protoname routing agent
    set ragent [new Agent/Protoname [$node node-addr]]
    $self at 0.0 "$ragent start"
    $node set ragent_ $ragent
    return $ragent
}
# / ------------------------------------------------ -----
# XXX These are very simulation-specific methods, why should they belon
Simulator instproc put-in-list {agent} {
...
}


Step 8:

gedit ~/ns-allinone-2.35/ns-2.35/queue/priqueue.cc (mod at 1 place)

• a. Near line 95.

void
PriQueue :: recv (Packet * p, Handler * h)
{
struct hdr_cmn * ch = HDR_CMN (p);
if (Prefer_Routing_Protocols) {
switch (ch-> ptype ()) {
...
case PT_MDART:
/ / --------------------------------------------
case PT_PROTONAME:
/ / --------------------------------------------
recvHighPriority (p, h);
break;
default:
Queue :: recv (p, h);
}
}
else {
Queue :: recv (p, h);
}
}

save and close.

Step 9:

gedit ~/ns-allinone-2.35/ns-2.35/Makefile (mod at 1 place)

• a. Near line 336

OBJ_CC = \
tools / random.o tools / rng.o tools / ranvar.o common / misc.o common /
...
wpan/p802_15_4trace.o wpan/p802_15_4transac.o \
apps / pbc.o \
# / / ----------------------------------------------- -
protoname/protoname.o protoname/protoname_rtable.o \
# / / ----------------------------------------------- -
$ (OBJ_STL)

save and close.

Step 10:

build it now, changes done ( run these in terminal in ~/ns-allinone-2.35/ns-2.35 directory )

• a. make clean

• b. touch common/packet.cc

• c. make

(if you are getting some errors check the spaces in the editing you did above)


Step 11:

gedit ~/ns-allinone-2.35/ns-2.35/test.tcl

copy and paste

set ns [new Simulator]
$ns node-config -Routing protoname   
set nf [open out.nam w]     
$ns namtrace-all $nf       
set nd [open out.tr w]       
$ns trace-all $nd             
  proc finish {} {
          global ns nf  nd
          $ns flush-trace 
          close $nf       
          close $nd       
          exec nam out.nam &
          exit 0
   }

for {set i 0} {$i < 7} {incr i} {set n($i) [$ns node] }
for {set i 0} {$i < 7} {incr i} {
$ns duplex-link $n($i) $n([expr ($i+1)%7]) 1Mb 10ms DropTail
}
set udp0 [new Agent/UDP]   
$ns attach-agent $n(0) $udp0
set cbr0 [new Application/Traffic/CBR] 
$cbr0 set packetSize_ 500     
$cbr0 set interval_ 0.005      
$cbr0 attach-agent $udp0
set null0 [new Agent/Null]
$ns attach-agent $n(3) $null0
$ns connect $udp0 $null0 
$ns at 0.5 "$cbr0 start"
$ns rtmodel-at 1.0 down $n(1) $n(2) 
$ns rtmodel-at 2.0 up $n(1) $n(2)   
$ns at 4.5 "$cbr0 stop"
$ns at 5.0 "finish"
$ns run

save and close

ns ~/ns-allinone-2.35/ns-2.35/test.tcl

and boom you are getting the nam (if not sorry troubleshoot once by going through the tutorial again as I am getting the outputs completely and so should you)